![]() ![]() In addition, there are no sex distinctions evident in these guidelines despite boys physically growing at a faster rate than girls during puberty. Although prohibiting heading in training for young players will reduce the accumulative number of headers per season, it will not reduce age of first exposure if players can still head the ball in matches. No restrictions on heading in matches are evident in these guidelines, with heading practice recommended to commence with lighter balls. For example, the influential Football Associations of England, Scotland and Northern Ireland released updated heading guidance in 2020 and again in 2021, which state that heading should not be introduced in training sessions for players under 11 years, with restricted heading practice now including professional players. ĭespite scientific uncertainty regarding the effects of purposeful heading, some football organisations have prohibited or restricted heading in young players. Head impact magnitude (including peak linear acceleration and angular velocity of the head) is influenced by many factors, including ball properties (mass and pressure) and player characteristics (sex, age and neck strength). Whether this results in detrimental stress and strain to brain tissue is likely related to head impact magnitude. Any impact to the head has the potential to cause a transmission of force to the brain. A recent cohort study reported that Scottish male professional football players ( n = 7676) were more likely (hazard ratio 3.66 95% confidence interval 2.88–4.65 p < 0.001) to be identified with a neurodegenerative disease when compared with matched controls ( n = 23,028) from the general population. While heading has always been an integral part of football, there is growing uncertainty surrounding the role repeated head impacts from football heading has on brain health. These exercises were easily incorporated into usual training.Īustralian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (no: ACTRN12619001375145). On average, players who completed neck exercises demonstrated an increase in isometric neck strength and a decrease in head impact magnitude during heading. The addition of neck exercises into part 2 of the FIFA 11 + was feasible and accepted by players and coaches. Reduction in peak angular velocity was more pronounced in girls (− 27.7%) than boys (− 11.5%) in the intervention group. Intervention players demonstrated increases in mean composite neck strength (53.8% intervention vs 15.6% control) as well as decreases in mean peak linear head acceleration during heading (− 11.8% vs − 5.0%) from baseline to follow-up. Mixed-model analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed significant differences in neck strength variables ( p < 0.001), peak linear acceleration ( p = 0.04) and peak angular velocity ( p = 0.04) between the intervention and control groups over time. In total, 52 players ( n = 31 intervention n = 21 control) completed the study. Outcomes included isometric neck strength and head impact magnitude (peak linear acceleration and peak angular velocity) during standardised heading from a throw-in (at baseline and 6 weeks) plus completion of an evaluation survey by intervention players and coaches. Methodsīoys and girls (aged 12–17 years) were randomised by team to the intervention (5 weeks of supervised neuromuscular neck exercises integrated into part 2 of the FIFA 11 + , completed three times per week) or the control group (usual part 2 of the FIFA 11 + , no neck exercises). This pilot trial explored the effect of a neck exercise programme on (1) neck strength and (2) head impact magnitude during heading in male and female adolescent football players. Tab will move on to the next part of the site rather than go through menu items.Higher neck strength has been postulated to reduce head impact magnitude during purposeful heading in football. Enter and space open menus and escape closes them as well. Up and Down arrows will open main level menus and toggle through sub tier links. ![]() Left and right arrows move across top level links and expand / close menus in sub levels. The site navigation utilizes arrow, enter, escape, and space bar key commands. ![]()
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